To understand the spatial distribution patterns and population dynamics of woody plants in Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, a 25 hm2 large plot in the reserve was taken as the research object, and the spatial distribution patterns and interspecific associations of the top 10 dominant species ranked by importance value were analyzed at scales of ＞0-120 m by using the O-ring function. The results show that the woody plant resources in the large plot are rich, and there are 211 species (including subspecies and varieties) belonging to 59 genera of 32 families in total. Most of the dominant species with top 10 importance values exhibit poor seedling regeneration, only Rhododendron ambiguum Hemsl. and Rhododendron decorum Franch. populations are of expanding types, while Picea brachytyla (Franch.) E. Pritz., Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib, Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) E. Pritz., and Betula platyphylla Sukaczev populations are of declining types, and Litsea veitchiana Gamble, Acer sinense Pax, Acer laxiflorum Pax, and Acer maximowiczii Pax populations are of stable types. According to the distribution scatter plots of dominant species, the different environmental types in the reserve cause varying degrees of aggregation of 10 dominant species. Under the homogeneous Poisson process (HPP) null hypothesis model analysis, almost all dominant species exhibit clustered distributions at a small scale,  subsequently shifting to uniform. or random distributions. Interspecific associations among dominant species are predominantly positive within the 120 m scale. The comprehensive analysis result indicates that the woody plant community in Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve is in a mid-successional stage, and slowly progressing toward the next-generation forest dominated by small to medium-sized shade-tolerant tree species; dispersal limitation and negative density dependence are the main factors influencing the spatial distribution patterns of dominant species in the reserve; environmental filtering is the primary factor affecting interspecific associations.