Taking the population of the rare fragrant plant Osmanthus delavayi Franch. distributed in Jizu Mountain, Binchuan County, Yunnan Province as the research object, the effects of soil nutrients on its population spatial distribution were analyzed through community investigation and soil analysis. The results show that a total of 78 vascular plant species are recorded in the O. delavayi community, belonging to 58 genera of 36 families. The importance values of O. delavayi in the arbor layer and shrub layer are 21.41% and 38.64% respectively, indicating its dominant position. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, and available potassium all exhibit moderate spatial variation, among which total phosphorus content has the highest coefficient of variation (35.98%). The Kriging interpolation shows that soil nutrient contents are relatively high in the northwest of the study area and gradually decrease towards the southeast. The stepwise multiple regression analysis indicates that soil available potassium content has a very highly significant negative effect (p<0.001) on the individual number of O. delavayi and a highly significant negative effect (p<0.01) on the mean ground diameter; soil organic matter content has a highly significant positive effect on the individual number. In conclusion, in terms of soil nutrients, the soil microhabitat characterized by “low potassium and high organic matter” is a key condition for the suitable survival and regeneration of the O. delavayi population.