Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is an evergreen fast-growing tree species with strong ecological adaptability and a wide cultivation range, it is cultivated in regions like Guangxi, Yunnan and Sichuan of China. This species not only has a long history of traditional medicinal use but also demonstrates significant industrial application potential, thus possessing extremely high comprehensive development value. In terms of chemical components, E. globulus is rich in various components, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, acylphloroglucinol meroterpenoids, flavonoids, chromones, dihydrochalcones, and tannins, which lay the foundation for its broad pharmacological activities. According to modern pharmacological research, extracts of E. globulus and its monomeric compounds exhibit diverse activities such as metabolic disease therapy, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, and are expected to provide new therapeutic strategies for health issues including diabetes, drug-tolerant microbial infections, malignant tumors, and viral diseases, thus demonstrating broad application prospects. However, current research still faces problems such as insufficient exploration of active components, unclear elucidation of pharmacological mechanisms, and imperfect quality control systems, while the contradiction between resource development and ecological protection is becoming increasingly prominent. To achieve the clinical application and industrialization of E. globulus, collaborative research with a multidisciplinary framework is still necessary. Future efforts should focus on the discovery and identification of active components, in-depth clarification of molecular mechanisms, construction of quality standards based on compositional profiling, and optimization of eco-friendly planting models, thereby promoting the sustainable highvalue utilization of E. globulus on the basis of balancing resource utilization and ecological protection.